廓清民主的迷雾

田方萌 撰稿 • 2006-06-19 11:59:23 • 栏目:文化副刊

民主是评判政治文明的唯一尺度吗?

在当今世界,民主恐怕是最富意识形态色彩的,意义也最含混的政治理念。无论支持还是反对民主的阵营都将两种基本的政治价值混为一谈,这就是民主与自由。美国政论家弗瑞德-扎卡瑞亚Fareed Zakaria)撰写的《自由的未来》一书开宗明义,旨在澄清这两种价值及其相应的建制。民主政治的核心,在于通过公开、公平的选举,按照多数社会成员的意志对获胜的候选人授予权力。自由政治意在建设和完善一系列公共制度,这些制度应当保障每个社会成员的政治、经济、宗教和文化权利。最典型的自由体制包括分权制衡的宪政、有效完善的法治、自由独立的企业、媒体和社团等等。民主和自由之间存在一定联系,但在相当程度上是分立的。

按照一个社会民主化和自由化的程度,我们可以将全世界的政体分作四类。第一类是自由民主政体,包括大部分西方发达国家。第二类是不自由的民主政体,包括许多最近三四十年新产生的民主国家。此类国家尚能进行较为公正的选举,但独立媒体和社团受到政府打压,民众的人身权利受到侵犯。第三类是不民主的自由政体,其中最典型的代表莫过于东亚的香港和新加坡。两者皆非民主社会,但政府廉洁高效,法治昌明有度,城市公民享有高度的政治和经济自由。最后一类则是既不民主又不自由的政体。

对于不自由的民主政体和不民主的自由政体,扎卡瑞亚认为,后者的政治文明程度比前者要高一些。缺乏自由建制,民主社会很可能选出极端民族主义分子或宗教原教旨主义者。他们带给人民的苦难会抵消人民享受的民主红利。反观不民主的自由社会,公民享有较多的人权和福利,问题只是自由权利没有民主保证而已。作者在书中列举诸多国家案例,说明已有自由的社会进行民主化,要比已有民主的社会进行自由化容易许多。

民主政体应当受到自由制度的节制。扎卡瑞亚并不认为进一步民主化是自由民主国家应当面对的政治发展方向,他担心过度民主化会带来许多负面影响。扎卡瑞亚一再强调他并不反对民主,只是提醒读者意识到民主制度的黑暗面。比如,60年代以后,美国很多公共机构在扩大民主化的呼声下,进行了公开化改革,致使决策过程直接暴露在民意测验和游说集团的压力下,反倒引发了民众不满。扎卡瑞亚指出,民众需要选出的应当是具有公共决策能力的代议人,而不是仅仅让他们充当多数民意的传声筒。

民主化已经成为我们这个时代的天下大势。对于尚未民主化的国家,《自由的未来》不啻是一份清晰鲜明的启示书。现代化国家前进的政治目标应当是建立成熟完善的自由民主政体,而不是仅仅举行全民普选了事。自由制度的建设比民主选举艰难得多,需要富有远见的政治家持久切实的努力。就具体的民主化路径而言,扎卡瑞亚总结数十国经验教训,主张宁可等到国民经济水平升至5000美元左右,法治建设已经能够保障基本人权之后,再举行全民普选不迟。

《自由的未来》,法理德-札卡瑞亚著,孟玄译,台北联经出版社,2005

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