北岩银行被暂时国有化

柴桑 撰稿 • 2008-02-25 12:51:42 • 栏目:经济

  监管和内控制度的改进并不能消灭挤兑危机。

  在私营部门收购方案不佳的情况下,英国政府 2月17日宣布将北岩(Northern Rock)银行暂时收归国有。英国政府称,收归国有是暂时行为,英国政府将继续寻找私营化方案。

  此项决定引起了广泛争议,北岩银行的投资者对补偿方案表示担忧。在次债危机中损失惨重的北岩银行遭遇挤兑风波之后,英格兰银行和英国政府对其采取了一系列措施,试图避免引发连锁反应。但北岩银行仍然无法摆脱困境,这使得人们对英国银行业的监管和内控制度产生了质疑。

  英国银行业的监管是由英国金融服务局(FSA)来负责的,在英国金融监管体制改革之后,英国金融服务局作为实施全面监管的独立机构,从英格兰银行手中获得了对金融、证券、保险业的监管权。从法律授权上来看,防范系统风险是金融服务局的职责之一。

  北岩银行陷入挤兑危机是由次债危机所引发的,金融服务局的职责要求他们能够提前预见这一风险并采取相应的预防措施。但令人遗憾的是,金融服务局并未能做到这一点。这反应了外部监管机构在银行业监管问题上的困境。

  非现场监管作为当前全球监管机构的主要监管方式,在降低监管成本,提高监管效率方面有着突出贡献。但另一方面,受到专业手段和理论缺陷的制约,监管机构无法及时了解银行的运营状况。因此,金融服务局在北岩银行事件中表现被动也就不足为奇。

  在北岩银行事件中,英格兰银行反应缓慢一直为市场所诟病。但从另一个角度来看,监管机构与央行信息沟通协调机制的缺陷也是原因之一。英格兰银行采取行动需要充足的信息支持,金融服务局并未能及时预见北岩银行的挤兑风险,英格兰银行反应迟钝也就理所当然。

  从内控制度来看,北岩银行的内控制度并未起到预防风险的作用。当然,与很多人的理解不同,银行业内控制度并不能保证违规及风险事件的发生与蔓延。逐利天性使得银行业内的内控制度能够容忍对银行整体利益有利的违规甚至违法行为,好的内控制度是指能够防止损坏银行整体利益的合谋及犯罪行为而不是保护客户和投资者利益。所以,银行内控制度经常对鸡毛蒜皮纠缠不休却对很多重大问题视而不见。

  因此,在没有明确合谋行为证据的情况下,对北岩银行的内控制度进行指责是毫无意义的。从内控制度和内控人员本身利益出发,他们也并不希望发生类似事件。作为直接利益的受害者之一,他们应该有阻止类似事件发生的动机,但是内控制度的天然缺陷使得他们无能为力。

  北岩银行事件当然会使人对监管和内控制度提出诸多质疑。但必须承认的一个事实是,迄今为止,人类并没有发现能够根治银行业挤兑危机的方法,监管和内控制度的缺陷只是原因的一小部分而已。

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