两岸政治互信机制短期难以建立

贾葭 撰稿 • 2008-12-15 09:55:00 • 栏目:中国

  两岸和平发展不能一蹴而就,马政府不必这么早给自己和对岸出这样的难题。

  2008年12月15日,两岸大三通正式开始。40天前两岸两会在台北签署的四项协议见诸落实。从两会开始接触算来,已经近20年,除去民进党执政期间停摆的几年,这半年多来,两岸关系进步之神速,令外界为之目侧。新的问题也接踵而来:接下来两岸谈什么?如何谈?

  马英九12月12日在美国《华盛顿时报》发表题为《Peace plan——China and Taiwan(和平计划——中国与台湾)》的文章,其中“郑重呼吁大陆当局,认真考虑撤出部署在海峡对岸瞄准台湾的导弹。”马英九还说,以诉诸武力相威胁,只能妨碍两岸关系的和谐和亚太区域的和平。这显示出,马英九政府有心加快政治谈判步伐,开始向北京提出意愿。

  从最近的情势看,两岸在经济领域上能够着墨的部分已经不多。北京日前送给台北三大礼包,都与两岸经贸无关。首先是《海角七号》的放行,早前曾传出大陆广电总局有心毙掉该片;其次是熊猫赴台;第三是明年台湾参加WHA(世界卫生大会),北京可能会放行。尤其是WHA放行,被认为是北京释放诚意之举。

  然而,台北的国民党和民进党都不这么看。呼吁对岸撤除导弹,也许是蓝绿两党不多的共识之一,也被两党认为是对岸真正释放诚意的举动。北京此时该如何回应值得观察。早在马英九就职之后的6月,岛内便有媒体呼吁过,北京应撤除导弹以彰显诚意,当时北京的回应是,要视两岸局势的发展而定,意即当下还言之过早。

  如今三通已开,两岸的经济联系更加密切,台湾的国际空间、外交休兵等问题的逐步改善,当下局势已经是历史最好时期。比如外交休兵,虽然双方并未就此谈判,但似已有默契,效果初显。两岸已经逐步从经济议题过渡到政治议题,接下来的军事互信机制面临的第一个难题就是导弹。

  台湾解严之后,不再视中共为叛乱团体,且给予中共政权事实上的承认。自台湾而言,敌对状态已然结束,自然希望大陆方面在导弹方面有所回应。但自大陆而言,比较复杂,在沿海附近布置导弹,除了因应台海局势之外,还有对美对日防御的战略需求,最远射程达到800公里;而在最新的导弹更新中,甚至还普遍增加了射程。

  马英九的文章,没有提到与导弹更加有关联的中美台三角关系。2004年的防御性公投,北京认为这是片面改变台海现状的举动,美国虽然提出警告,但话是针对“任何一方”的。北京撤除导弹的前提有两个,一是“九二共识”为基础来谈判,二是要求台湾停止购买武器。前者无须多言,当下实际上的“互不否认”,比“九二共识”走得更远,关键在后者。

  其实,撤除导弹和停购武器,对两岸而言,是互为前提的乖悖命题,存在“谁先来”的问题,这也是军事互信机制难以建立的原因,不论是撤弹还是停购,都无法完全相信对方的承诺。民进党有再次上台的可能,这是北京不能撤弹的理由,国民党不仅要维系台美关系,还要对选民恪守保土承诺,也很难马上停购。

  从营造氛围到政治谈判,要走得路还很远,马英九和国民党也不能操之过急。北京和台湾在政治上虽有“平等协商互不否认”的体认,但在军事谈判上,台湾并无法取得对等地位,华盛顿有求于北京的事情太多。尤其在军事议题上,台湾不仅不能依赖华盛顿,反而有可能开罪后者。台美关系是马英九的巨大挑战。

  两岸和平发展不能一蹴而就,马政府不必这么早给自己和对岸出这样的难题。

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