马利基的政治重生

夏宛清 撰稿 • 2009-02-11 01:21:18 • 栏目:其他地区

  总结马利基成功的原因,除了伊拉克选民明显减少对宗教忠诚,而更倾向于泛伊拉克政党的因素,还包括逊尼派广泛参与选举、马利基严惩街头暴力活动、奥巴马允诺撤军等因素。 

  2月5日公布的伊拉克省级选举初步结果显示,总理马利基已成为最大赢家。1.4万名候选人1月31日竞逐伊拉克18个省议会中的440个席位,其中5人在选举前夕惨遭暗杀。

  那些预期马利基会在投票中失败的人,无疑会感到沮丧。数周来,沙特资助的阿拉伯报刊将马利基描述为伊朗势力在阿拉伯世界的延伸。他们推测,随着奥巴马入主白宫,马利基与美国的蜜月将在2009年年中结束。没有美国的支持,马利基将很难渡过省级选举这一关。

  阿拉伯世界的许多人毫不掩饰他们对于马利基的仇视。他们认为他自从2006年上台以来,一直偏袒什叶派在伊拉克的利益,而没有给伊拉克带来安全或促进教派和解。还有一些人认为,马利基作为美国和伊朗的傀儡,将碎片化的伊拉克变成了一个伊朗式的神权国家。

  然而在这次省级议会选举中,马利基的人马在巴格达获得了压倒性胜利,同时赢得了伊拉克9个什叶派省份中的8个。这次的全国投票率超过50%,仅比4年前的55.7%略低。马利基本人没有参加选举,但仍全力支持他的班子作为”法律和秩序联盟”的成员参加竞选。

  尽管出身于鼓吹”政治伊斯兰”的达瓦党,马利基本人及他的团队都没有在竞选中打宗教牌。此举受到伊拉克人的普遍欢迎,特别是青年,他们似乎受够了2003年以来持续不断的教派暴力冲突的威胁。许多人想要一个新的政治叙事,奇怪的是,提供它的人是马利基。

  根据选举结果,马利基团队在巴格达赢得38%的选票,在石油资源丰富的巴士拉市赢得37%。马利基在议会中的盟党、很大程度上依赖于宗教口号的”伊拉克伊斯兰最高委员会”(SIIC)遭到了惊人的失败,失去了他们在2005年选举中所赢得的10个省份中的7个。

  同样利用宗教的什叶派神职人员萨德尔,也面临空前的失败。其人马在自2003年以来一直保有控制权的巴士拉只获得不到3万张票,这些票预计只能在该市配到一到两个议席。

  世俗党派得分优于预期,显示曾经影响2005年地方选举的宗教魔咒正在消失。某种意义上,SIIC的失败可以看作是伊朗的一个重大挫折。伊朗与SIIC的关系奠基于1980年代,SIIC的民兵组织”巴德尔旅”就是在伊朗成立的,随后曾帮助伊朗人打击伊拉克军队。SIIC患病的领导人阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹·哈基姆非常接近德黑兰高层,这次选举失败可不是开玩笑。

  总结马利基成功的原因,除了伊拉克选民明显减少对宗教忠诚,而更倾向于泛伊拉克政党的因素,还包括逊尼派广泛参与选举、马利基严惩街头暴力活动、奥巴马允诺撤军等因素。

  在2005年,逊尼派很大程度上抵制了选举,以抗议他们在萨达姆垮台后所遭的身份歧视。这使得一些重要的省份(如尼尼微和安巴尔)的执政权在选后落入异族(如库尔德人或什叶派)之手,进而导致这些省的逊尼派街区堕入暴力和混乱的深渊。而这一次,马利基鼓励他们积极参与登记投票。随着初步结果出炉,尼尼微省将回到逊尼派的手中。而在安巴尔省,胜利被”伊拉克伊斯兰党”和由部落领袖组成的”觉醒委员会”这两大世俗逊尼派组织平分。尽管觉醒委员会对大约10万张选票的归属还有一些争议,但不会对马利基造成威胁。

  马利基愿意实行严格的安保措施,包括派人清查内政部,这在选举前几周引发了源源不断的批评。许多人指责他成为了另一个萨达姆·侯赛因。但这一措施导致了有利的选举结果。马利基认识到,要让伊拉克人拧在一起,安全比民主更实际,街头稳定比个人声誉更重要。他在选举前重拳出击了什叶派地下武装的温床,如巴士拉、米桑和迪亚拉。他甚至没有放过贫民窟萨德尔城,那里是他的前盟友萨德尔的根据地。萨德尔控制着国民议会的30个席位。

  根据美伊已经签署的安全协议,美军可能会在2009年7月之前开始从伊拉克城镇撤出,在2011年之前从伊拉克全境撤出。马利基很会利用这一点给自己加分。他在选后的新闻会上宣布,美国新政府已发出愿意先于安全协议所规定的期限撤军的信息,这是伊拉克的福音。

  投票结束后,马利基礼节性拜访了什叶派”大阿亚图拉”希斯塔尼,收到后者的祝福。而初步结果出炉后,奥巴马又在电话中祝贺他获胜,并讨论撤军细节。也许,更好的安全性,更多的重建计划,就业和待遇更好的公民,与奥巴马达成新的工作关系,可以解释马利基这次取胜的原因。要知道,他在2008年2月曾被大多数观察员认为在台上的日子”屈指可数”。

  也是在2月5日,一名自杀式人弹在库尔德城镇哈奈根一个人气餐厅引爆炸弹,造成至少15人死亡。这起数周来最严重的袭击事件震动了总理办公室,提醒他,胜利后真正的工作是确保曾被认为在选举前后稳定无虞的安全性,因为它可能会在一个关键时刻令人抓狂。
 

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夏宛清
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