厄普代克:兔子,安息

灵子 撰稿 • 2009-02-11 01:32:06 • 栏目:文化副刊

  他笔下的“兔子”,像大多数美国普通民众一样,是这四十年来的参与者和见证者,但面对经济的快速发展和社会价值的急剧变化,显得无所适从,茫然而又疏离。

  约翰·厄普代克(John Updike),以含蓄温和的笔调描绘美国中产阶级的命运与内心,以工笔画般的精准细腻直书男男女女的婚姻与性爱。他笔下的男人们内心丰富、好奇,充满躁动的欲望,又带着不肯变革的懦弱;他笔下的女人们却多数无法令人喜欢,幼稚或者极端,吃醋或者报复,仿佛从这个时代的男人眼里看来女人便是如此。

  他是美国当代文学中久负盛名的作家之一,一生获得两次普利策奖、两次美国国家图书奖以及欧·亨利奖等十二次不同文学奖项。有青年一代把他列为已去世的名家福克纳、菲茨·杰拉德的同辈,因而总有人问:“厄普代克还活着吗?”

  “兔子”哈利•安斯特朗(Harry ‘Rabbit’ Angstrom),是厄普代克贡献给美国文学的经典形象,亦是五十年代到八十年代美国中产阶级的典型象征,56岁的时候便被创造者“狠心赐死”,只因为英语单字中没有“五部曲”的表达,厄普代克写完“兔子四部曲”便决意收手。

  《兔子,跑吧》(Rabbit, Run)、《兔子归来》(Rabbit Redux)、《兔子富了》(Rabbit Is Rich)、《兔子歇了》(Rabbit at Rest),以十年一部的频率出炉,以纪年的方式描述“兔子”平庸、无聊、幻灭、“美国梦”的生活状态,被誉为比任何历史文献更能具体描绘美国二十世纪下半叶社会文化的杰作。

  四十年来读者们陪着“兔子”一起从26岁成长到56岁,眼看他一次次逃离、偷情、换妻,再回到日常的生活轨道,从惊鸿一瞥的矫健体育明星,变成与儿媳上床的衰老男人。如同他的外号,“兔子”永远采取着逃避的态度,按照本能行事,不假思索,担惊受怕,自恋、敏感又脆弱。

  “兔子”之外,厄普代克笔下的另一经典形象当属“亨利·贝克”,这位仁兄的身份是美国犹太裔作家、单身、低产,常常遇到写作障碍,却意外领得诺贝尔文学奖,还顺便把瑞典人戏谑一番。这大概也包含着厄普代克的愤愤不平——尽管他在美国拿奖无数,却一次也没有受到诺贝尔文学奖的青睐。

  厄普代克的天赋一部分源于家庭。他出生于1932年的宾夕法尼亚,父亲是做着不稳定的高中教师工作——每年五月离职,九月再重新上岗。这种不稳定的生活状态给厄普代克留下深刻的印象,在他开始写作之后,他对所有不那么完美的、动荡的、稍显笨拙经历都抱有温和的同情,从不采取嘲笑或怜悯的态度。

  母亲则是厄普代克走向文学的引领者。她是英语专业出身,热爱写作,后来还一度成为《纽约客》的撰稿人。厄普代克年少时,常常看到母亲坐在打字机前敲敲打打,那种安静的声音与气氛让他感到非常美好。

  12岁时,厄普代克的阿姨给他订了份《纽约客》作为圣诞礼物,从此他的志向便是成为《纽约客》的插画作家。他还曾在哈佛毕业后去牛津学习绘画,后来在母亲的鼓励下尝试写作,最终走上文学道路。

  另一个被众人广为推论的催化剂是厄普代克从小患有的病症。他自少年时期就患有较为严重的口吃和牛皮癣,常被别人耻笑,不喜欢与社会打交道。文学恰好给他提供了安静又广阔的天地,以创作的游刃有余逃避局促不安的现实。

  1957年,25岁的厄普代克在毕业之后两年,辞去《纽约客》撰稿人的身份,与同是哈佛校友的妻子移居马萨诸塞州的小镇,据说也是因为牛皮癣要不停晒太阳的关系。此次离开纽约,不得不以自由作家为职,为了解决经济压力,他养成了每天必写5页纸的习惯,成为终生的高产作家。

  尽管六七十年代的美国热闹异常,赶上“婴儿潮”一代步入社会、“叛逆一代”吹响反文化号角、女权主义运动、嬉皮士生活、种族对峙、性革命……可在厄普代克笔下,“兔子”的“一生是一段向女人身子里钻的旅程”,偌多大事都成了一段段风月的模糊背景。

  他像大多数美国普通民众一样,是这四十年来的参与者和见证者,但面对经济的快速发展和社会价值的急剧变化,他显得无所适从,茫然而又疏离。

  因为这个人物形象,厄普代克于1982年10月18日再次登上《时代》周刊封面。上一次是1968年4月12日,他的小说《夫妇们》(Couples)描写了中产阶级换妻的故事,引起颇多争议,当年《时代》封面的标题直书“通奸社会”。

  1982年之前,在现代美国文学史上,只有三位作家有两次登上《时代》封面的荣誉,他们是辛克莱·刘易斯、海明威和福克纳。

  然而厄普代克的文学贡献还不仅仅在于小说。他一生著作等身,76年的生命历程中写了61本书,包括小说、散文、诗歌、文学评论、艺术评论等题材,是五十年来的《纽约客》、《纽约时报》、《纽约书评》的长期作者;他笔下的主题包罗万象,从哈姆雷特前传到当代婚姻生活,从反恐革命再到2020年的生存危机,千变万化;他的写作风格更是独树一帜,精致、温润、优雅,有人被这细腻的美感而打动,也有的称其“匠气太重”。

  写作似乎是厄普代克命定的人生主题,而他用一生写作所探讨的问题也可以归纳为一句:“中产阶级的家庭风波,对思想动物来说如谜一般的性爱与死亡,作为牺牲的社会存在,意料之外的欢乐和报答,作为一种进化的腐败——这些就是我的主题。”

  事实上,早在1976年,厄普代克曾被误传过一次死讯,那时他还称不上大师,但已出版的《兔子,跑吧》、《兔子归来》已令文学界侧目。

  2009年1月27日,厄普代克因肺癌于美国去世,享年76岁。他比自己创造的文学人物整整多活了二十岁。

  这一次,讣告是真的了。

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