伊朗神权迷思走到十字路口

安替 撰稿 • 2009-06-18 09:21:21 • 栏目:纵论

  已经持续了一周的伊朗总统大选争议,迅速占据了全世界媒体的中心,而推特等社会媒体在反对运动向外传递信息的全新作用,更加让这个本身就极为重要的国际政治事件,添加了许多戏剧化的色彩。当落败的总统候选人穆萨维本人亲自参加的德黑兰周一大游行人数高达上百万后,本来已经祝贺现任总统艾哈迈迪内贾德当选连任的最高领袖哈梅内伊,不得不退让,允许部分重新计票,但拒绝了穆萨维重新选举的请求。

  其实,各路民调在选前已经预测艾哈迈迪内贾德会连任,毕竟他的反美主张和过去4年对农村地区收买性的政策虽然造成了经济衰退、通货膨胀、点燃了中产阶级的愤怒,但也确实稳定了多数选票。不过在12小时之内就统计完了全国纸质选票、每个阶段的计票数字以及在一些明显支持穆萨维地区的计票结果,都完美地显示出艾哈迈迪内贾德 v 穆萨维 2:1 的灌票式比例,实在无法让落败者信服。这也是在周一开始每天沉默游行中,反对群众打出“请算上我的选票”、“我的选票哪里去了”的原因。

  大选争议还引起了暴力及镇压,不过至今为止,暴力大都和支持现政府的动员队(Basij,革命卫队控制的半民兵组织)有关。当反对阵营群众通过一个动员队总部时,动员队员开枪导致至少7名游行群众死亡。而动员队也涉及了对德黑兰诸大学宿舍的攻击,很多学生被打、被捕。也有一些反对派政客被捕。由于警察的本地化因素,无力、也无意愿控制首都局势,当局正在调用精英部队革命卫队卫戍。革命卫队还控制了互联网,封掉了推特、短信等通信工具,当局还禁止任何外电记者上街报道新闻,只允许去现场报道亲政府集会。

  很多西方媒体已经在预测,会不会在德黑兰上演屠杀悲剧,但这种猜测其实是对伊朗政治体制的不熟悉,更多的可能出于“保守/改革”这种黑白分析框架简单化现实后的误解。还有更简单的理解是称呼这场人民抗议为“推特革命”,那更是把反对运动的对海外传播消息方式误当成了群众动员的主要管道。

  实际上,这场危机,并不是谁偷了谁的选举的问题,而是对伊朗神权民主制的最大一次质疑,或者说,是继伊朗革命领袖霍梅尼死后的第二次宪政危机。无论结果是谁做总统,如果最高领袖哈梅内伊不能处理好个中关系,神权民主制可能会遭到根本性质疑。

  神权民主制,是建立在这样的假设中:全国直选的民主制度,接受有丰富伊斯兰知识的教士们匡正和指导,遇到问题,由最高领袖用他刚正不阿的判断来裁决,这样就能产生比“西方式民主、东方式独裁”更优越的伊斯兰民主。但政权的合法性不来自于逻辑,而在于实力。霍梅尼一手缔造了神权,具有无可比拟的权力去实施裁决,各派势力和民众,也不得不、或者心甘情愿接受。但这样的制度安排,在1989年霍梅尼死后就出现了问题。在他亲手罢黜了继承人之后,已经无人有类似的实力。

  是拉夫桑贾尼和前总统哈梅内伊联盟,让后者被选上成为新的最高领袖,虽然哈梅内伊曾经因两伊战争问题被霍梅尼抨击为软弱。停战后,前方将领被哈梅内伊大量提升任职,这样才真正巩固了他的统治,神权民主迷思,才能继续在公众面前表演下去。

  后来激进的艾哈迈迪内贾德当选,因为他过度反自由的社会经济政策,甚至引起了教士保守阶层内部的反抗。最明显的变动是,拉夫桑贾尼-哈梅内伊联盟解体,拉夫桑贾尼开始支持反对派领导人、伊朗革命英雄、前总理穆萨维,甚至他还写信直接威胁哈梅内伊,如果不顾人民要求,那么下一个要动的人就是哈梅内伊本人(拉夫桑贾尼负责选举下一任最高领袖的委员会)。而一些大教士,这次也直接参与到了反政府的游行之中。

  哈梅内伊之所以选择和艾哈迈迪内贾德联盟,考量其实在于,与其和其他革命老兵(拉夫桑贾尼、穆萨维)分享权力,不如和真正的革命后一代(艾哈迈迪内贾德)联盟,便于控制。

  但是这次百万人的反政府游行,是真正对哈梅内战略和他代表的神权的打击。他面临的不简单的是那一百万上街沉默游行的群众或者热衷推特和Facebook的学生,而且还有幕后有实权的昔日盟友拉夫桑贾尼,和诸多其他被艾哈迈迪内贾德逼得不耐烦的保守势力。他不大可能牺牲自己去真正实行残酷镇压,而且的确他也没这个实力。只要一天穆萨维温和理性领导群众,哈梅内伊就一天无法有口实大规模镇压群众。而且万一有重大流血,革命领袖们努力搭建的政治共识与政权合法性可能也会土崩瓦解,这对于非强人的哈梅内伊,是无法承受。

  验票给他提供了几天的缓冲时间,可以和拉夫桑贾尼、穆萨维以及其他革命元老做幕后讨价还价。其实这三人三十年前共同打下江山,当然也不会愿意神权民主政权被彻底推翻,他们比艾哈迈迪内贾德更爱这个政权,因此任何真正对神权的彻底质疑,也是他们不会接受的。最大的可能是对目前的总统内阁制,进行比较大的限权,不会任意让艾哈迈迪内贾德继续恶化革命元老之间的关系。

  这些元老没有真正的保守派、没有真正的改革派,他们其实都是实力主义者、现实主义者。三十年过去了,他们被一个革命后一代政客艾哈迈迪内贾德的激进分裂了,而以实力分配为后盾的神权民主制迷思,也走到了十字路口,稍微处理不慎,也真的会和拉夫桑贾尼说的那样,下一个毁掉的,就是这个迷思本身。

  国际社会最理性的反映,应当是稍微退后一点,给伊朗人一个机会来解决目前的这个矛盾。任何出于“保守/改革”黑白分析下的激进外交呼吁,都可能会被艾哈迈迪内贾德当成西方干预来攻击反对派。奥巴马政府在这个问题上基本判断正确,为了加强对伊政策的准确性,他把被国务院闲置的伊朗问题专家Daniel Ross调到国安委员会,一方面他表示伊朗选民的声音应当被尊重,另一方面也并没有直接表态是否支持。

  不但伊朗需要一个有更加稳定和合法的政治统治,当今世界更需要一个稳定和合法的伊朗政府,来缓解已经很严重的伊朗核问题。伊朗人能否和平解决当前的问题,也是对这个民族政治精英的巨大历史考验。

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