权力交接的模糊前景:军政府三号人物瑞曼

匿名 撰稿 • 2009-06-18 09:45:56 • 栏目:邻国

  相较于军政府的一号和二号人物丹瑞和貌埃,现年62岁的三号人物瑞曼年龄优势突出,在未来的权力金字塔上可能更进一步。但缅甸2010年大选后,瑞曼在新政府中的角色并不清晰。

  本文作者是实习研究员岳德明

  为维护军人集团的既得利益,2008年,缅甸军政府主导以全民公决形式通过了有利于军人长期占有政治权力的“新宪法”。军政府的下一步目标是:确保2010年大选按符合军人集团利益的方向进行。同时,确定合适的接班人选也是军政府一号人物丹瑞近年来的人事布局重点所在。以前,发生于1988年和1992年的军政府内部两次权力交接都在非正常状态下进行,相应下台的两位最高领导者奈温和苏貌也都晚景惨淡。为避免重蹈覆辙,在接班人挑选和权力交接问题上丹瑞毫不放松。在确定合适、可靠的接班人之前,他不会交权“退位”。即使挑出自己信任的人选,自己也要抓权尽可能长的时间。虽然不时有高层权力变更交接的传闻,今年已是76岁的丹瑞现在仍紧握军政大权(身兼“国家和平与发展委员会”主席、国防部长、三军总司令三职),而且有可能在明年大选后谋求出任新政府的国家元首。今年62岁、近年来多被认为是接班人选的杜拉·瑞曼,他未来的走向又激起人们的关注。

  瑞曼是一位具有40多年军龄的职业军人。1969年毕业于军事学院。由于1989年在对少数民族武装“克伦民族解放军”的军事行动中作战勇敢而获得“杜拉”的荣誉称号。1997年任西南军区司令,成为最高权力机构——“国家和平与发展委员会”(军政府的核心决策机构,简称“和发会”)的事实成员。2000年,升为“和发会”常任成员。2001年11月进入国防部,担任“三军联合参谋长”。据说,“三军联合参谋长”职位系合并三个军种的参谋长职位首次设立。可见,此时瑞曼在军队中的地位已相当突出。2002年,他又兼任特战局及三军总协调官,各特战局局长(相当于中国的大军区司令)和仰光军区司令要直接向他汇报工作。当时他成为仅次于“和发会”主席丹瑞、副主席貌埃和总理钦纽之后的第四号人物。2004年10月,时任总理的钦纽(被认为是温和派)及其派系遭到清洗,之后军政府形成分别以一号人物丹瑞和二号人物貌埃为首的两大派系。瑞曼成为居于丹瑞、貌埃之后的军政府三号人物。

  瑞曼的步步擢升,得益于丹瑞的信任和提拔。瑞曼家与丹瑞家关系密切。因此,瑞曼一般被认为属于丹瑞派系。瑞曼行事低调,入职国防部后,很少见到缅甸官方媒体关于他的报道。瑞曼生活上不追求形式,较随意,被下属认为相当务实,在下属中颇有口碑。有人认为,瑞曼获得上下级军官信赖而较容易为各方接受。瑞曼与貌埃的关系微妙:一方面,瑞曼负责处理国防部日常事务,绕过身兼三军副总司令和陆军总司令两职的貌埃而直接向丹瑞汇报工作;另一方面,瑞曼为实现顺利接班,需要貌埃及其派系的支持,而以往瑞曼获得提升时,貌埃并没有阻止。

  军政府治下,裙带之风和腐败盛行,瑞曼的亲眷也卷入其中。据“缅甸问题东盟另选网络”组织(ALTSEAN-BURMA)的消息,他儿子的公司利用他的地位和权势在经济活动中谋利。2007年10月,他亲家的公司则被美国财政部列入制裁名单。他的妻子也被美国财政部列为因与“和发会”有关联而予以制裁的个人。据报道,瑞曼儿子的奢靡腐败已引起貌埃不满。

  由于目前只负责军务,瑞曼并未展示出其处理政治、经济和社会问题的做法。他对于缅甸未来的构想,人们并不清楚。对于昂山素季,他采取回避态度,一般不会谈及。1988年对民主运动的镇压中,瑞曼的卷入程度也仍然未知。在对待少数民族武装问题上,瑞曼的态度则相当强硬。而仰光的商人们认为瑞曼会推行经济改革,他们支持瑞曼接班。在2008年5月飓风灾害发生后不久,瑞曼的亲信透出消息,他支持接受更多的国际合作、国际救援和联合国援助。

  但是,目前瑞曼的实权到底有多大,令人怀疑。尽管入职国防部已近8年,据“伊洛瓦底”网站(www.irrawaddy.org)的报道,瑞曼在军中的威信仍未确立,一些特战局前局长等高级军官抵制他的命令。

  值得注意的是,“和发会”成员、现年58岁的敏瑞也深得丹瑞信任。他现任辖奈比都(2005年后军政府的新首都)军区和仰光军区的第五特战局局长,在清洗钦纽派系之后,即开始兼任军事安全局局长。军事安全局是至为关键的军事情报部门,它的前身即由钦纽领导的军事情报局。而第五特战局辖区也是军政府的地理中枢。敏瑞成为新生代实力派人物,也是丹瑞考虑的接班人选。

  2010年大选组成新政府后,如果丹瑞如愿出任国家元首,他是否会让出三军总司令、国防部长的职位,目前仍难断定。即使丹瑞彼时放弃军职,貌埃、瑞曼和敏瑞都可能成为军队最高领导者的人选。但貌埃年龄高出瑞曼10岁,而且长期与丹瑞有相争之势,即使丹瑞同意貌埃接替自己掌军,可能也是作为过渡,而敏瑞的资历相对较浅,面临的各派系接受与否的问题相对较大,因而,瑞曼未来担任军队最高领导者甚至接手国家元首的趋势仍相当程度存在。然而,2010年后,虽然新宪法已确保军人的政治主导地位,但军人和政府的实际关系仍难以清晰预见。丹瑞和貌埃的谋算也含有变动性。相应地,瑞曼在未来政府中的具体角色以及军人集团内部权力交接的前景现在看来都较为模糊。

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