关塔纳摩,少说多做

何京锴 撰稿 • 2009-06-18 09:50:13 • 栏目:美国

  所有人都希望关闭关塔那摩,所有人也都不希望嫌犯出现在家门口,而这恰恰是一道非此即彼的选择题。数百名嫌犯是否能够全数找到其他国家安置,这样的安置是永久还是暂时,才是奥巴马“少说多做”能否成功的关键。

   6月9日,美国司法部宣布,首名由美军关塔那摩基地转移至美国本土的恐怖主义嫌犯已经正式在纽约开始接受审讯。数日后,美国政府宣布已经和百慕大、帕劳两国达成初步协议,计划把21名关塔那摩囚犯转移到上述两国。此外,美国政府还和澳大利亚、德国、也门等国政府开展密切协商,希望能够找到更多愿意接收关塔那摩囚犯的国家。美国政府推行的这一系列举措,被普遍认为是在落实奥巴马就任伊始签署的,命令立即关闭关塔那摩监狱的行政命令。

  与此同时,一份全国民调则显示,有高达47%的美国民众反对关闭关塔那摩监狱,更有52%的美国人支持政府在必要情况下对关塔那摩的恐怖主义嫌犯施以酷刑。就在上个月,美国参议院还以90比6的悬殊差距,否决了所有关闭关塔那摩监狱的拨款请求。面对并不同调的美国社会,奥巴马不得不审视自己的反恐政策:“要不要关闭关塔那摩,如何关闭关塔那摩?”

  关闭关塔那摩监狱作为奥巴马执政后的首要政策之一,是有着深厚的政治背景的。长期用于关押恐怖主义嫌犯的关塔那摩监狱,已经成为了非法审讯、肆意监禁和虐囚的代名词,严重影响着美国及反恐战争的形象,更成为伊斯兰极端势力煽动反美情绪的最佳道具。早在布什执政时期,外交界就有着关闭该监狱的呼声。而最大力支持奥巴马的左翼势力,更是长期把关闭关塔那摩监狱作为首要目标。因此奥巴马关闭这一监狱的决心,并不算小。

  但就美国社会而言,左翼政治势力远非主流。大部分民众在保障恐怖主义嫌犯人权和保障国家安全之间,往往会选择后者,共和党则将关塔那摩监狱视作是布什政府执政的重要遗产,以前副总统切尼为首的右翼反复强调关闭关塔那摩,释放恐怖嫌犯对美国国家安全造成的威胁。如果嫌犯被转移到美国本土,民众普遍担心一旦出现越狱,就会放虎归山,而将囚犯送交赋予被告更多辩护权利的一般法庭,而非严苛的军事法庭接受审讯,更触怒了保守派的神经,民众更担心如果嫌犯无法定罪,是否会释放到美国本土。居高不下的反对数字正是在这种恐慌和疑虑中产生的。

  奥巴马面临的政治情境十分微妙,一方面有近半民众表示不支持关闭关塔那摩监狱,另一方面又有超过七成的选民相信奥巴马处理这一问题的能力。奥巴马采取少说多做,先做再说的策略,对于共和党人的猛烈抨击避而不谈,却在操作上将关塔那摩的嫌犯逐步转移至美国本土,并和外国逐步达成遣返协议。当嫌犯被定罪并被关押在安全的高压监狱中,或被遣送到国外时,共和党所描述的种种危险景象自然烟消云散。这正是奥巴马惯用的政治策略,但关塔那摩的复杂性不仅仅局限于美国国内,还涉及众多国家。所有人都希望关闭关塔那摩,所有人也都不希望嫌犯出现在家门口,而这恰恰是一道非此即彼的选择题。数百名嫌犯是否能够全数找到其他国家安置,这样的安置是永久还是暂时,才是奥巴马“少说多做”能否成功的关键。

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何京锴
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