缅甸军政府的大坝政治

匿名 撰稿 • 2009-07-2 10:23:32 • 栏目:邻国

  通过在少数民族地区建造大型水坝和水电站,军政府扩大和强化对少数民族地区的掠夺和直接控制。

     本文的作者是研究员岳德明

  缅甸1948年独立后,官方承认全缅甸共有135个民族,分为8个族群。现在少数民族占总人口的比例约为35%。少数民族多居住在江河流经的沿边地区。1947年缅甸各方制定的《缅甸联邦宪法》,确定独立后缅甸国家结构的基本框架,将缅甸确立为联邦制国家,各少数民族在各自的居住地享有自治权,掸邦、克耶邦等少数民族邦在缅甸独立10年后有决定是否退出联邦的权利。1958年,一些少数民族邦因退出联邦权遭中央政府搁置而以武力相争。

  1962年,军队以军事政变建立军人政权,将1947年宪法废除,联邦制及少数民族邦的自主权利丧失,军队对全国进行直接统治。少数民族为争取自己的自治权,纷纷建立武装,与军政府抗争,缅甸的内战持续不断。上世纪80年代末期,军政府开始与少数民族武装谈判停火,1989-1996年间共与17支少数民族武装达成停火协议。停火后的少数民族武装可以拥有能够自主活动的区域,但军政府实际上一直对他们实行弱化和消解策略。在少数民族居住的广阔边区,军政府直接控制的区域逐渐扩大。

  上世纪90年代以来,在水能资源多的地区建造大坝和水电工程,成为军政府在少数民族地区扩张势力的一种方式。目前,缅甸拟建、在建和运营的大型水坝有20多个,其中绝大多数位于掸邦、克钦邦、克伦邦等少数民族地区。

  军政府以保障大坝的建造和运营为名,以暴力将移民区的少数民族驱离,一般没有任何补偿,并强制坝区及周边的居民为军队提供劳动,不付任何报酬或只付很少的报酬。军队则在坝区长期驻扎,并不断增加驻军地点,扩大和强化在少数民族地区的统治。大坝完工开始运营,军队又在大坝周围和输电塔附近埋设地雷,常伤及无辜,受伤害者不仅得不到赔偿,还要向军队交纳所爆炸地雷的费用。因此,大坝不仅造成生物多样性消失、林木滥伐等对自然环境的破坏,而且对原住民的生活构成严重危害。

  少数民族对军政府的一些抗争,很早时也与大坝有关。1962年,与缅甸第一座大型水电站——鲁比达(Lawpita)水电站相配套的莫拜(Mobye)大坝开始建造,为了能够有力地反对会导致家园被淹没的莫拜大坝的修建,克央族人于1964年成立克央新土地党(KNLP),展开武力抗争。1994年,克央新土地党与军政府达成停火协议,停火后可以管理掸邦西南邦朗河谷及周围地区。但随着邦朗下游电站(2005年完工)和邦朗上游电站的相继建造,缅甸军队以保卫电站之名进驻河谷地区并强令克央新土地党撤出。克央新土地党不得不将自己的活动区域后撤至邦朗河谷西南。

  而在鲁比达水电站周围,军队从1960年仅有流动巡逻哨已增加到现在拥有超过24个常驻军营。

  2007年3月,东南亚最高的大坝——塔桑(Tasang)大坝在萨尔温江的掸邦南部江段上动工修建。此前,与勘察和道路工程等建坝先期工作同时发生的是,部署在大坝周围城镇区域的军队由1996年的10个联合作战部队,增至2006年的30个联合作战部队。

  军政府的建坝行为遭到多个少数民族组织的反对,受冲击的少数民族一般通过环保非政府组织向军政府、投资建造运营等相关各方以及国际社会发出自己的呼声。较大的非政府组织平台有“缅甸河流网”(www.burmariversnetwork.org )、“萨尔温江观察”(www.salweenwatch.org )等。

  实际上,修建输气管道工程也成为军政府用来压缩少数民族生存空间的一个手段。而除了由建坝、建造管道等大型工程引起的强迫迁移、强迫劳动之外,在镇压少数民族武装的同时,缅甸军队还对少数民族直接抢掠、对少数民族居住地进行毁坏、对少数民族妇女进行大规模强暴。

  军政府的行为,迫使大量少数民族原住民逃往边境或邻国谋生。据报道,约有14万缅甸难民生活在泰缅边境的难民营地和难民区,在泰国打黑工的缅甸人则有成十上百万之多。

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