洪都拉斯军方手术刀式的政变

安替 撰稿 • 2009-07-2 10:33:00 • 栏目:其他地区

  对反对赛拉亚的人士来说,这只是在民主上用手术刀开一个小口子,取出麻烦制造者而已。但国际社会显然不这么看,而且奥巴马政府更不这么看。

   6月28日周日上午,还在床上的洪都拉斯现任自由党总统赛拉亚被荷枪实弹的政变军人拖了起来, 夺走手机,直接押送到机场,驱逐到临近国家哥斯达黎加。这一切,只距离原订同天举行的、旨在授权修宪支持总统连任一届的公民投票一个小时。这是一场军方表现极为低调、国内支持极大、国际反应却很负面的“手术刀式的军事政变”。

  和其他中美洲国家一样,从西班牙殖民统治中独立的洪都拉斯共和国,也经历了让人民深受其苦的军政府统治时代。经过不懈奋斗,该国人民终于迎来新民主时代,国内各政治派别起草了至今有效的1982年宪法。为了历史悲剧重演,宪法第二条特别声明,任何剥夺人民主权的做法都是叛国行为,这被视作“反政变特别条款”。这就是为什么这次军方在驱逐总统后,立刻退到幕后,全部让议会、最高法院来应付危机的原因。

  但也正如一系列后发民主国家一样,洪都拉斯宪法的理想性超越现实性。例如,为了遏制拉丁美洲传统容易出现的威权统治,宪法规定总统只能是四年一届,不能连任。在限制总统任期的同时,却对其实际权限没有做有效的限制,虽然理论上是三权分立的国家,但在现实操作上,却没有足够有效的宪政工具去否决总统的滥权,在20多年的实践中,洪都拉斯更像一个威权社会。

  富有左翼色彩的自由党人赛拉亚在2005年以争议的微弱多数击败右翼国民党人,获得政权。他很快和委内瑞拉的查韦斯结成盟友,在国内实施向穷人倾斜的福利社会主义政策,不但惹恼了国民党人、中产阶级,甚至也遭到了自由党内部的激烈反对。靠着强大的总统权力,他无视国会、法院对他的否定,但他任期即将在明年1月结束,赛拉亚改造社会的决心遇到了最大的宪法障碍。他决定发起公民投票、诉诸直接民主来修改宪法,让他再做4年总统,完成他的“改革宏愿”。国会否决他的决定,最高法院判决公投违法,军队也不配合举办公投,他就发动群众去抢选票,并直接解除了最高指挥Vasquez将军的职务,最高法院立刻恢复将军职务。在周日之前,洪都拉斯已经陷入了一场严重的宪政危机,立法和司法机关已经完全无法行使职权。

  洪都拉斯1982年宪法条文及其修正案并没有指明当三权的行政分支,和立法、司法对抗的时候,该如何解决矛盾。洪都拉斯人的答案是以有限度的政变对付独裁者。这次政变的经过是:以最高法院发出命令以毁宪为罪名废黜总统,由军队直接执行,驱逐其出境,然后国会按照宪法选出国会议长继任总统,恢复宪政民主。对反对赛拉亚的人士来说,这只是在民主上用手术刀开一个小口子,取出麻烦制造者而已。

  但国际社会显然不这么看,而且盟国美国更不这么看。到目前为止,全世界完全反对这场政变,各国认为,无论以什么理由,政变是对民主问题最坏的解决方法。更尴尬的是美国,因为洪都拉斯军队一直被美军培训,奥巴马政府在过去几个星期一直在劝洪军方,千万别走上政变这条道路,可惜还是发生了。

  2002年当委内瑞拉右派政变推翻民选总统查韦斯的时候,布什政府支持了政变,结果政变失败,美国至今背着阴谋推翻民主政权的骂名。查韦斯依然是在指责是美国支持了政变,不过今非昔比,奥巴马政府明确他的外交理念为不干涉政策,这次断然要求洪都拉斯军队停止政变,各派势力回到对话的道路上去。

  联合国和美洲国家组织正在商议如何对应洪都拉斯问题,既然没有一个国家特别是大国支持政变,这个小政变插曲也许很快就会过去,不过可能作为幕后交换条件之一,赛拉亚很可能也会软化,放弃公投意愿,正常在明年1月离位。当然,也不排除洪都拉斯人豁出去抵住国际压力,把政变这个“恶花之善果”坚持下去。

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