被世界遗忘的角落是如何走向毁灭的?

胡贲 撰稿 • 2010-01-26 09:57:11 • 栏目:纵论

         2010年1月14日,当地时间下午4点53分。整个西半球最贫穷的国家,一个被整个文明世界遗忘了将近200年的国家,仅有900万人口的海地,倒在了灾难之中。这个本就脆弱不堪,被宣布为“失败国家”的社会,终于在自然的重重一击面前,彻底地死去了。 

  包括联合国在海地的总部和海地自己的总统府,议院,政府部门等各个公共设施都被彻底毁坏,公职人员和普通民众一起被掩埋在废墟之下时,这个国家已经彻底丧失了维持秩序和解救灾难的能力。这对联合国,对国际社会都是一个全新的课题——当一个社会彻底瓦解的时候,国际社会还能否替当地人重建家园? 

  无论从哪个角度来看,海地都是一个“失败”的社会。2008年,这个加勒比海岛国的人均GDP为790美元。和他共享一个岛屿的多米尼加共和国GDP则高达4900美元。2005年,联合国的一项统计显示,海地每两个死亡的成年人中,就有一人死于艾滋病。这里的经济主要依靠以家庭为主的小农业——85%的人口为农民,而70%的农业经济单位几乎不带来任何现金收入,这个国家甚至连干净的饮用水都无法自给。

       尽管建国垂200年,海地长久以来却被“西方文明社会”和自己曾经的殖民母国所遗忘。甚至被他的拉美兄弟国家所遗忘和孤立。哥伦布第一次航行就发现了它,200年后法国从西班牙手中夺取了这块土地;1804年,海地爆发解放战争。尽管这场战争中,白人屠杀了多达10万名黑人,但黑人在反抗中对白人的迫害,杀戮,枭首,强奸等种种暴行则随着刚刚兴起的现代媒体——报纸传遍世界,震惊了整个西半球。包括美国在内,所有的国家都拒绝承认海地的独立,除了他的殖民母国,法国。 

       海地可能是西半球所有独立的殖民地中最不幸的一个,早期独立的美国拥有广大的清教徒中产阶级移民。更晚独立的南美洲,黑人和白人已经融合,拉丁化,并拥有了相对稳定的社会结构。而他们在东半球的远房亲戚,法属西非的国家,则晚至第二次世界大战以后才独立,无论是国际社会对殖民主义的态度,还是法属西非黑人民族的受教育程度,已经和200年前大不一样了。 

       从此,海地就被整个人类社会所遗忘了。没有了殖民者和与外部社会的交往,海地瞬间从拉美最富裕的殖民地回到了农业社会。 

  海地最著名的诗人、克莱奥语写作运动的先驱Félix Morisseau-Leroy 在其最著名的一首诗中写道:   

      是你将我们创造成如此 

      并以我们与其他黑人不同 

      一语成谶。 

      现代海地社会的贫穷与动乱,肇始于1957年开始统治海地的杜瓦利艾父子时代。而对海地社会毒害最大的,恐怕要是其为了消解军队的权力和而设置的“国家安全志愿者组织”——臭名昭著的Tonton Macoute。不同于现代集权国家的秘密警察组织,这个秘密警察工资直到2000年最终消亡从来没有领过任何工资,成员的所有收入都来自于犯罪和勒索,这是国家化的黑社会,也是现今正在太子港街头屠杀平民,抢劫救援物资的所有黑社会组织的起源。 

  小杜瓦利艾下台时,时任美国总统的里根表示:“终于,海地历史将翻过其最血腥的一页,我们期待他们能建立起新的秩序”。但是,当一个被黑社会统制了20多年的国家突然崩溃时,建立秩序的困难并不是现代社会的人们所能想象的。Tonton macoute逐渐分裂,消亡。但从这个组织中脱离出来的黑社会分子控制着整个社会。因为长久以来依赖黑社会统治,除了宣传部以外,海地没有任何有效运行的政府机构。被压抑的军队蠢蠢欲动,阿里斯蒂德也并非完美无缺的政治家。所有这一切,导致了从1980年代以来海地的政治局势从没有一天稳定过。 

  阿里斯蒂德两次下野后,到2008年,联合国在海地共部署有共7174名军人和1881名联合国警察,外加499名国际文职人员,1167名当地文职人员和206名联合国志愿人员的支助。 

       即使在地震前,这个国家依靠自己的力量就很难维持基本的秩序。更不要说地震以后了。海地政府已经将首都的国际机场交给美军管理,而政府也将大部分的救灾工作交给联合国处理——外电的报道说,包括多位部长和议员在内的许多政府高级官员目前尚无音讯。而大多数公职人员和普通百姓一样,或者心理生理均受到严重创伤,更多的生还者则在照顾自己的家人。而犯罪活动依然不断蔓延。种种迹象表明,国际社会如果不迅速作出足够的回应。海地这个国家将失去最后一点恢复秩序的可能。

       稍堪慰藉的是,海地的灾难让世界的目光再次聚焦于此。美国媒体的全方位覆盖,使选民们意识到后院还有这样一个遗忘之国。美国的“事实占领”,又决定了联合国此后介入程度的加深。在巨大的天灾面前,海地已无内政可言,要实现灾后重建与社会恢复,其希望已经全部寄托于“外来干预”之上。 

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