阿凡达与崇高不沾边

花落去 撰稿 • 2010-01-26 06:07:40 • 栏目:文化副刊

       构建世界,创制语言,都是西方奇幻写作界的基本功;在环保等世界观上的弱项,更注定《阿凡达》的成功仅仅局限在电影工业和视觉领域 。

       《阿凡达》(Avatar)的热销,是,且仅仅是,商业上的奇迹。对于电影工业来说,《阿凡达》的出现,让3D电影离产业化更近一步,减缓了DVD、电视和网络对影院的冲击,在无声到有声、黑白到彩色之后,2D到3D的进化,让大银幕找到了新的盈利增长点。如此而已。 

       至于备受一些电影人推崇的内容,《阿凡达》其实并无任何出奇之处。被一些人津津乐道的“完美虚构的阿凡达世界”,其实是西方奇幻界的基本功,即虚拟世界的构建与完善。由于逻辑教育的普及和发达,西方奇幻文化非常注重虚拟世界的自洽;作者在下笔写作之前,通常都会先制定笔下世界的地图、生物种类、物理和魔法规则等等,托尔金的《魔戒》自不必说,《星球大战》、《龙与地下城》等电影、游戏,都是虚拟文化构建的代表。当一个虚拟世界流行开时,大量的粉丝会自行完善世界细节。反过来说,是否有成熟的粉丝社群,也是虚构世界是否被接受的直观标准。 

       美轮美奂的潘多拉世界,不过是“构建世界控”们一个最新的实例而已。在商业上,构建完整世界的好处是能够开发大量的周边衍生产品,《潘多拉百科全书》相当于一本邮购目录,相信几个月之后,魅影飞龙之类的手办就会满天飞了。如果非要把卡梅隆构建潘多拉世界的丰富完整上升到“严谨细致”也可以,不过这种精益求精,在过去,是粉丝们对自己想象世界的琢磨打造;在现在,则有商业利益来保障和激励。 

       所谓的“潘多拉语”,也是一个道理。托尔金在写《魔戒》时,自己创造了五门以上的语言,精灵贵族的精灵语与帅哥王子的语言都各有不同;这是以一人之力完成的。《阿凡达》预算近两亿美元,实际耗资约五亿美元,请几位语言学教授,打造一门外星语,其实不是什么稀奇事。卡梅隆是除了名的花钱如流水,拍泰坦尼克号时,餐厅盘子上的纹章他都要专门定制,船倾覆时所有盘子摔碎了,可这个镜头不满意,马上重新定做盘子再摔。相比之下,留下一门纳威语,建设性更强些,没准以后Google会专门推出一个纳威语搜索页面(《星际迷航》中的克林贡语,在Google上就有其搜索页面)。 

       至于深深打动许多人的环保理念,其实正是《阿凡达》情节上的最弱一环。卡梅隆继承了典型的好莱坞左派导演风格,即将一个复杂的问题诉诸情感、场面和简单的正邪对立,最后也许能得出正确的结论,论证过程却委实不靠谱。在万物有灵的潘多拉世界,纳威人还停留在狩猎、群居的社会阶段,这种牧歌式生活也许深深被一些环保主义者向往,但无论是从生物学还是社会学上分析,这种社会状态都无法停滞不动;指望靠这个来实现对环保意识的唤醒,最少也是一种误读。要说这是“崇高”,那只能说有些习惯于用力过猛的中国导演还没真正理解这个词的含义。 

       相对的,为了凸显潘多拉星球的美好,人类征服者就必须塑造得丑恶而愚蠢。衡量一部电影的质量,有个很方便易行的标准,就是看反角是否给人印象深刻。《阿凡达》中大灰狼式的反角,显然在这一点上不合格。这也是前面所述左派商业电影的普遍弱点———中国其实也有这种现象。所以谁也别说谁崇高,谁低俗了。 

       关于万物有灵这一点,我倒怀疑卡梅隆的灵感来源于USB设备:潘多拉生物的那根辫子,都跟USB连线那么像。整个潘多拉星球,说是背后有一棵灵魂树固然没错,但如果说是一个云计算的网络,则更为人熟知。片中的女科学家对此也有过精到描述,即“生物可以联入星球网络”。就算不熟悉云计算,潘多拉星球的设定也可以套用“盖亚理论”,即地球生态圈一体理论。因此,在极客眼里,潘多拉星球美则美矣,其规则倒并无出奇之处——六条腿的马跑起来都跟四足马一模一样,但众所周知,六足运动的更合理运动应该像苍蝇等昆虫那样。当然,如果真的这么严谨,西方战争片中令人血脉贲张的骑兵冲锋就没了,改成一大群苍蝇嗡嗡嗡,可能是不大美观。 

       当然,文章一开始就说了,《阿凡达》在商业上和视觉上都是成功的。卡梅隆1995年就写好了剧本,却等到2005年才投拍,就是等3D技术和IMAX技术成熟、普及。阿凡达上线前,他又跟影院老板谈判,使全美大量影院更新了IMAX和3D播放设备,带动了整个电影工业的巨轮向前推进。技术狂人卡梅隆,在电影的一个分支技术上,取得了殿堂级的贡献。 

       而阿凡达的大卖,除了电影公司、卡梅隆和神魂颠倒的观众外,最开心的应该是他的妻子苏西·艾米思了。此前,卡梅隆基本上是拍一部片子,换一任妻子;今年以《拆弹部队》与他对决金球奖的凯瑟琳·毕格罗,就是他在拍《深渊》时离异再娶,拍《终结者II》时又分开的。 

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