1968:你的名字叫叛逆

刘柠 撰稿 • 2008-04-22 03:58:16 • 栏目:文化副刊

日本“反安保”一代及其艺术(一)

虽然作为社运转眼间就凋谢了,但社会秩序、意识形态到道德观念、生活方式开始悄然松动。

   1968年,绝非一般意义上的年份。它意味着在一些发达资本主义国家和东欧、拉丁美洲,以大学生为中心的“新左翼”社会运动形成世界性联动的同时,预告了一场被称为“68年思想”的社会思潮大转型:肇始于列维-斯特劳斯(Claude Levi-Strauss)的结构主义,融合了罗兰·巴特(Roland Barthes)的文学批评、雅克·拉康(Jacques Lacan)的精神分析、路易·阿尔都塞(Louis P. Althusser)的西马理论,尤其是米歇尔·福柯(Michel Foucault)、吉尔·德勒兹(Gilles Deleuze)、雅克·德里达(Jacques Derrida)、茱莉亚‧克里斯蒂娃(Julia Kristeva)等人所代表的“后结构主义”理论构成了这个大背景的主色调。后来,另一位“68年思想”的成员让-法朗索瓦·利奥塔(Jean-Francois Lyotard)把1968年的断裂命名为“后现代”(Post Modern),这一概念至今仍是学界争论的焦点。

40年弹指,两代人长成,但对于“68年思想”究竟在何种意义上,与生成了法国五月运动和美国嘻皮文化的世界性动荡发生关联的问题,现在仍无法做出深入回答。尤其对把“68年思想”当作舶来品的日本来说,更是如此。以东京大学、日本大学为代表的全国众多高等学府数以万计的学生在校园里设置路障,并走上街头示威,与东京警视厅的防暴部队“别动队”武力对峙,乃至发生激烈冲突,最终演变为被称为“全共斗”(全国大学共斗会议)运动的波澜壮阔的全国性学潮,真真改写了一代人的人生。但直到今天,都鲜见从思想视角对这场学运的探究。

    1968年,是世界史的拐点(这几乎已成世人的共识),开创了全球化资本主义的端绪。而把这样一个伟大的年代不仅从政治上,而且从思想、文化上自觉承担起来的,是以1956年的斯大林批判为契机而集体登场的、被称为“新左翼”的青年左翼知识分子。美国当代著名左派学者伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦(Immanuel wallerstein)在其著作《后美国》(《Post American》)中,把1968年定位为决定性的历史转换点,称那个时段在西方世界频发的学潮为“20世纪惟一的世界革命”。

    此前的革命,是从贫困的解放,无论法国革命、俄国革命,还是中国革命,从来如此,概莫能外;但这场革命,却是彻头彻尾富人革命:发生于战后最发达的资本主义国家,革命的主体——以大学生为代表的学院知识分子,是中产阶级子弟;其诉求也不复是吃饭穿衣的“生存权”,而是基于个人权利意识的觉醒——青年开始对父辈摊派,要求参与社会、政治的设计与运作。在美国,干脆就是民权运动的延长。
    这场革命的另一个重要特征,是以电视向全球同步传播,将人类20世纪先进的科技文明和战后大众传媒社会的理念发挥到了极致:英格玛·伯格曼(Ingmar Bergman)的电影《野草莓》(《The Strawberry Statement》)和让-吕克·戈达尔(Jean-Luc Godard)的《中国姑娘》(《La Chinoise》)成为一代少女男少女热捧的经典,动辄吸引40万长发嘻皮士在泥塘中彻夜狂欢的伍德斯托克音乐节(Woodstock)直到今天还是神话般的存在。

    就日本而言,1968年的“新左翼”分子们对准“战后民主主义”的靶子穷追猛打,认为所谓“战后民主主义”,无非是个别国家的民主主义,他们试图用“世界革命”论这种空想的意识形态来加以置换。借用让-法朗索瓦·利奥塔的表达,日本“新左翼”对于“战后民主主义”这个宏大叙事,企图用另一个称为“世界革命”的更加宏大的叙事取而代之。然而,这种“改造世界”的情热,基本上是某种“青春期症候群”的集体发作使然,过多地透着肾上腺素和荷尔蒙的气味,纵有再多的同龄人被吸引、致幻,但以此对抗父辈手中的权力,显然还是太嫩了。

    不过,从另一种意义上,其实也可以说他们的“世界革命”理想已然实现,只是不在其当初所张扬的宏大叙事的物理层面,而存在于尼采和弗洛伊德所说的“无意识”的彼岸,甚至化作市民社会中全体国民的集体无意识,如幽灵般长期缠绕着今天的西方社会。被压抑的一代一次无预警的突然爆发构成了一个隐喻:虽然作为社运转眼间就凋谢了,但资本主义物质文明的大厦不再牢固,从社会秩序、意识形态到道德观念、生活方式开始悄然松动;原来“合法性”毋庸置疑的,开始被质疑;昔日的“主流”,遭到蔑视;曾几何时被视为神圣不可亵渎的,被人竖起中指……用美国后现代理论家马歇尔·伯曼(Marshall Berman)著作的书名来形容的话,叫“一切坚固的东西都烟消云散了”。

    例如作家村上春树,是亲历了“全共斗”的“反安保”一代的代言者。其在被视为小资《圣经》、拥趸无数的《挪威的森林》中,描绘了在狂飙突进的“全共斗”运动失败后,校园恢复了正常秩序,几个过来人的在校大学生如何失魂落魄,如丧考妣。短暂的惊魂过后,内心一片荒凉,随之而来的是无处不在的焦虑、失落、无奈与不安。尽管他们中的绝大多数人,在经历了精神的巨大创痛之后,会调整自己的信念与理想,使其与社会通用的版本对接,对此前发誓“死磕”的体制妥协,好歹搭上时代的列车,被高速增长的经济社会裹挟而去。但内心深处刻骨的沦丧感,注定是一生都难以蜕尽的青春胎记。

    这,就是对反骨的惩罚,叛逆的代价。

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刘柠
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