永不消逝的政治怪圈

谷禹 撰稿 • 2008-04-28 12:35:47 • 栏目:邻国

  泰国宪政更需要的是,一个不再心怀一己之利的政治家,和一支不再保守的军队。

  从去年12月份在大选中胜出以来,修改宪法就成为人民力量党(PPP)巩固其势力、确保其执政地位的一个合理选项。本周,沙玛及人民力量党终于开始为修宪造势。为其执政地位的稳固以及他信的重新上台开始做舆论准备。

  自1932年以来的泰国历史,在宪法上做文章,就一直是在位者保证其影响力和合法性的不二法门。算下来76年的宪政史,已经存在过18部宪法,平均下来,几乎每个总理都会颁布一部新的宪法作为其威权政治的图腾。沙立时代,政府更是挥起宪法第十七条的大棒,大肆打压反对派。宪法对泰国各政治派别的重要性不言而喻。

  尽管人民力量党在480个席位的议会拥有316席席位,并且肯定会以简单多数通过修宪提案,此次修宪却依然不会是坦途。和欧美等成熟的宪政国家相比,泰国修宪的困难并不在议会,而是在于军队势力对于修宪的反对。这也在很大程度上体现了泰式民主“威权为体,民主为用”的现状和无奈。

  4月23日,沙玛在吉隆坡的泰国大使馆,对泰国外交官和商人说:“我可以再次证实,本政府为国家的前途而正在拟订修宪法案,因为本政府可能无法采用新宪法。”并通过泰国官方的泰国新闻社放出消息,“一旦修改宪法完成后,就宣布闪电选举。”之后不久,泰国国内关于军队准备发动政变的谣言就甚嚣尘上。人民民主联盟(PAD)也迅速行动,于4月25日晚在位于曼谷的法政大学,发动了声势浩大的反对政府修宪的示威。

  面临此种情景,沙玛迅速澄清了自己的言论,这也是无奈之举。泰国武装部队最高司令汶森一再表示不会发动政变,不会参与政治,却又要暧昧的加上一句“除非国家政治形势到了危急关头”。再加上素拉育重新被泰王任命为枢密院院长以为掣肘,这确实不能不让人心生疑窦。

  军队和反对派并非真正为一部宪法而大动肝火,泰国的宪法并非真正意义上的宪法,更多的时候,则是被民选的政客和非民选的军人所把玩的玩物,既不稳定,也不完善。军队和反对派所虑者,是沙玛背后那个让他们恼火不已、甚至心惊肉跳却奈他不得的他信。我们完全有理由相信沙玛解散国会、重新选举之言非虚。一旦这些事情一一实现,他信就会是最大的受益者。
 
  只是76年来的泰国宪政,仿佛永远重复着同样的怪圈,永受政局不稳之桎梏,永远重复着同样的“从军人统治到政变再到危机然后修宪”这样恶性的循环。对于他信,光明前路似乎就在眼前,他所要做的只是等待修宪。然而对泰国宪政的漫漫长路来说,需要的却不单单是修宪,它更需要的是,一个不再心怀一己之利的政治家,和一支不再保守的军队。

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